Transplanting outside of dormancy is not a great idea. That's why bareroot plants are dug up, stored/shipped, and planted all during dormancy.

So I don't think it has anything to do with what you did or did not put into the hole, but rather with the fact that you planted an uprooted tree that was actively growing and it has begun to fail.

There's a chance it could come back if just the foliage is damaged, but I would stick to potted trees (you can get a 5-gallon for under $30 in many places) if you're planting during the growing season, or go bareroot earlier in the season.