The Tulip tree, I had a volunteer in a garden bed do 3 ft or close to that. They are fast growers, and you are helping it by seed, with the lack of root disruption, which you surely know. Poaky1

I would think Tuliptree (or whatever of it's several common names you prefer) would do a decent amount in the first year. Wasn't so sure about Blackgum.

Some trees sprout, flush, then stop. Aesculus (Buckeye/Horsechestnut) is a good example, as are I believe Carya (Hickories and Pecans). Others will keep going until almost TOO late in the season, like Metasequoia (my biggest ones nearly hit 2' by dormancy). Others fall somewhere in the middle, like oaks, but I have a Swamp Chestnut Oak that made it to over 3' in its first season last year. Some trees, especially some conifers in Pinaceae, barely break the 2" mark the first season.

You should try Sciadopitys! It barely grows for the first few years.

I'll be seeing for the first time how my Pecan and Hickories will do, well the Hickories are from seed the Pecan is from Dax, but it may be behind a seed started seedling only a couple years. My Hickory is Shagbark seed. Poaky1